Photographic enlarging apparatus



Sept. 1, 1964 c. F. PETTIS PHOTOGRAPHIC ENLARGING'APPARATUS 4 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed March 25, 1960 INVENTOR.

ATIUF/VEVJ Sept. 1, 1964 C. F. PETTIS PHOTOGRAPHIC ENLARGING APPARATUS Filed March 25, 1960 4 Sheets-Sheet 2 CV/f/Qfi F Peff/J INVENTOR.

BY @MQ Sept. 1, 1964 C. F. PETTIS PHOTOGRAPHIC ENLARGING APPARATUS Filed March 25, 1960 4 Sheets-Sheet 4 INV EN TOR.

BYWQ-M ATTO/PA/[VJ United States Patent 3,146,662 PHOTOGRAPHIC ENLARGING APPARATUS Clifton F. Pettis, Harris County, Tex. (510 Eastlake St, Houston 17, Tex.) Filed Mar. 25, 1960, Ser. No. 17,615 11 Claims. (Cl. 88-44) Thedevice of the present invention relates to a new and improved photographic enlarging apparatus and more particularly to a photographicenlarging apparatus which is adapted to reproportion and perspectivize images, either line images or continuous-tone images and to change the'height and width of such images independently of each other.

The device of the present invention is espcially useful in three major divisions of the graphic arts field: portrait photography, commercial photography, and reproduction photography including the preparation of images for letterpress, lithography, rotogravure, silk screen and collotype processes, with peculiarly desirable applications for advertising typography. In portrait photography the device of the present invention makes possible the slimming of fat or wide features or the filling-out of a narrow face with complete control by the operator; proper manipulation of the device can reduce the apparent age of the subject substantially. In commercial photography an actual photograph of an automobile can be made to appear lower and wider without the necessity of retouching. In the average printing-lithographing concern the device of the present invention can drastically reduce the number of type faces and sizes required (whether they be in either hot metal or cold type), thus eliminating a sizable percentage of the initial investment in type characters as well as replacement costs. In addition, the device of the present invention can create an infinite variety of variations of existing typeforms which are not now nor have ever been available commercially.

It is generally estimated that over eight thousand type faces and sizes are in general use today. The average printer can afford to maintain only two or three dozen of these which is considerably less than his actual requirements. And yet, typographic authorities subdivide these eight thousand varieties into only six basic families, in addition to the novelty classification.

Thedevice of the present invention enables the printer to obviate the necessity of purchasing such a large number of type faces, sizes and matrices. By way of example, ordinary Bodoni type is available and is generally .used in 14 sizes up to 72-point (one inch). A printer cannot purchase a single font as each font represents one size only. He must therefore purchase types or machine matrices in several sizes at the very least. Even after this he still has only one face and must then consider Ultra Bodoni, Bodoni Campanile, Bodoni Condensed, and all of the corollary faces of weights and italics of which there are many in number. -After the printer gets these, he still has only Bodoni, and Bodoni is just one of the many faces of type in daily demand.

The use of the camera has eliminated the need for many type sizes in an average printing shop, but it has not eliminated the need for the various choices within each type family. 7

r The apparatus of the present invention takes over where the camera leaves off. A printer can purchase and use a single size of Bodoni type, and by using the apparatus of the present invention can control the size of type to meet his requirements, and can also control the type face. For example, the apparatus can vary Bodonitype by condensing, italicizing, backslanting, curving. or perspectivizing it. Numerous choices of effects may be quickly, easily and economically available.

An important object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved apparatus which will repro portion images, either line images or continuous-tone images and change the height and width of an image independently of each other.

Another important object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved apparatus which will italicize or'backslant images.

Still another important object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved apparatus which will perspectivize an image, either a line or continuous tone image, and simultaneously hold a true focus over the entire area of the picture.

A further object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved photographic enlarging apparatus, said apparatus including means whereby a cylindrical lens is used to reproportion images and such cylindrical lens may be raised and lowered as desired while maintaining a predetermined relationship with the base.

Yet a further object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved photographic enlarging apparatus including a rotatable negative holder.

Another object of the present invention is to prow'de a new and improved photographic enlarging apparatus including a lamp housing or head which is tiltable thereby permitting the lamps or bulbs used therein to be quickly and easily replaced and which also enables the head to be positioned so that the heat produced by such lamps or bulbs may be more readily dissipated.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved photographic enlarger including a lamp housing or head having a plurality of fins thereon for improved dissipation of heat.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved photographic enlarging apparatus whereby substantial air circulation is permitted throughout the apparatus while allowing a minimum amount of light leakage.

A further object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved photographic enlarging apparatus including a lamp housing having a plurality of lamps or bulbs therein, such lamps or bulbs being arranged to ofler substantially even light coverage and being electrically connected whereby the intensity of the light over a given area may be varied.

A still further object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved photographic enlarger including a radial-arm carriage control which enables a more critical focus to be obtained.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved photographic enlarger including a dual track arrangement whereby the enlarger carriage may be easilyraised and lowered while maintaining rigidity and steadiness.

Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become more readily apparent from a consideration of the following description and drawings wherein:

FIG. 1 is a side elevation of the device of the present invention and also illustrates a tilt board used therewith;

FIG.. 1A is a schematic view illustrating the effect of using the rotatable negative holder in conjunction with the tilt board;

FIG. 2 is a front elevation, partly in section, of the 'device of the present invention and shows the tiltable head;

FIG. 3 is a view taken along line 33 in-FIG. 2 and illustrates the arrangement of the lamps or bulbs;

FIG. 4 is a view taken along line 44 inFIG. 1;

FIG. 5 is an isometric view illustrating the details of the cylindrical lens carrier and cylindrical lens;

FIG. 6 is an isometric view, partly in section, illustrating the details of the rotatable negative holder;

FIG. 7 is a top view of the head of the enlarging apparatus taken along line 77 of FIG. 1 and illustrates the position of the fins and the air holes;

FIG. 8 is a view illustrating the actual size of a neg ative;

FIGS. 8A-8E are views of the original negative shown in FIG. 8 illustrating various effects which may be achieved by using the device of the present invention; and

FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of the electrical lighting circuit.

In the drawings, the device of the "present invention is indicated generally at T and may be mounted on any suitable base 10 by means of bolts 11 or other suitable means. The device T may be divided into several basic components including a support means S on which a housing H may be mounted thereon. The housing H includes the head L which is pivotally connected to a sub-housing D, a sub-housing N positioned below the sub-housing D, sub-housing P positioned below sub-housing N, and a camera C attached to sub-housing P, the details all of which will be explained hereinafter.

Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 2 of the drawings, the supportmeans S includes the cantilevered stanchion 12 which may be mounted on the base board 10 by the bolts 11 or any other suitable means. Formed integrally therewith or otherwise suitably attached to the member 12 is a rectangular mounting plate 13 on which the vertical support member 14 is attached thereto by bolts 15 or other suitable means. A pair of spring-wound counter-balances 16 and 17 having stepped-out or cut-out portions 16' and 17', respectively are secured to the top of the vertical support member 14 by bolts 18 or other suitable means. The channel member 14 has a cut-out section 14' adapted to receive the cut-out portions 16' and 17 of the counterbalances 16 and 17. The channel member 14 has a raised center portion 14a extending longitudinally thereon to which the gear rack 19 is secured by counter-sunk bolts or 'screws 20 or other suitable means. A pair of brackets 22 and 23 are fastened to the upper and lower portions of the central vertical channel member 14 by bolts 24 and 25 orrother suitable means. Each of the brackets 22 and 23 has a pair of balls 22a, 22b, 23a and 23b formed integrally therewith. Each of the balls 22a, 22b, 23a and 23b have a central openingextending partially therethrough which is adapted to receive the tubular guide members 26 and 27. The upper end of the tubular guide 27 is fitted into the ball 22a and the lower end of the guide 27 is positioned in the ball 23a. The tubular guide 26 is positioned in the upper ball 22b and in the lower ball 23b. The tubular guides 26 and 27 form a dual track on which the housing H may be raised and lowered, all of which will be ex plained more in detail hereinafter.

A gear box or chamber 29 is secured to a pair of brackets 30 and 31 which are identical with the brackets 22 and 23 except that the balls 30a (not shown), 30b, 31a and 31b (FIGS. 1, 2 and 4) have openings extending completely therethrough and are adapted to receive the tubular guides 26 and 27 slidably therethrough. The tubular guide 27 is inserted through the balls 30a and 31a and the tubular guide 26 is inserted through the balls 30b and 31b. The gear box 29 has a flanged edge 29a extending longitudinally and a similar flange 29b also extending longitudinally therewith. The flanged edge 29a is fixed to the brackets 30 and 31 by bolts or other suitable means and the flange 29b is secured to the opposite side of the brackets 30 and 31 by similar means. The brackets 30 and 31 are therefore free to slide or move on the tubular members 26 and 27.

The housing H is secured to the gear box 29 by connecting the sub-housing P to the gear box 29 by means of bolts or other suitable means wherein the entire housing H moves with the gear box 29.

Each of the counter-balance members 16 and 17 has a spring-wound tape 36 and 37 extending therefrom, the ends of which have a ring fixed thereto for attaching to a bolt 38 connected to the bracket 30, as best seen in FIG. 1. A gear rod 40 is extended through the gear box 29 and has a handle 41 and 42 secured on each end thereof. A gear 43 is mounted on the rod or axle 40 on the center thereof and is fixed thereon so as to turn with the rod 40 as the handle 41 or handle 42 is turned or rotated. An axle or rod 44 is positioned through the gear box 29 above the axle 43 and the axle 44 has a larger gear 45 fixed to the center thereof which meshes with the gear 43 and the rack 19 simultaneously. In the preferred form of the invention the gear 44 is in a two-to-one ratio with the gear 43 thereby permitting the housing H to be easily raised and lowered.

A thumb screw 46 may be threaded through the ball 31b so as to make contact with the tubular guide 26 thereby acting as a stop or locking device.- Also if desired, the set or thumb screw 46 can be adjusted so that sutficient friction is established with the tubular guide 26 that the bracket 31 and hence the housing H will remain in the position placed by rotating the handle 41 without the necessity of completely locking the member 31 on the tubular guides 26 and 27.

Connected to the underside of the sub-housing P is a lens carrier C, the lens carrier C including a standard bellows 47 attached thereto by screws or other suitable means and a lens 48 of any preferred type attached to the bellows 47, all in a manner well known in the art, and no further details are believed necessary in regard to the lens carrier C. A lens board mounting 49 is attached to the lower end of the bellows 47 by screws or other suitable means and such lens frame 49 retains the lens board (well known in the art and not seen in the drawings), which holds the lens 48. A second gear and rack arrangement referred to generally at 50 permits the lens height to be varied in relation to the base board or easel board 10 and includes a plate 51 connected to the gear box 29 by bolts or other suitable means, a rack 52 secured to such plate longitudinally and in the center thereof. A pair of brackets 53 and 54 are attached to the lens frame 49 and extend therefrom so as to move vertically on the plate 51, and in the preferred embodiment of the invention form a dovetail connection with the plate 51. A shaft or axle '55 is extended through the brackets 53 and 54 and a gear 56 is secured to the shaft so as to mesh with the rack 52. Suitable handles 57 and 58 on either side of the shaft 55 are provided for rotating the shaft 55 and hence the gear 56 on the rack 52 thereby causing the bellows 47 to be contracted or extended thus raising or lowering the lens 48 in relation to the base board 10. It can therefore be appreciated that the device of the present invention T has one gear and rack arrangement for rapidly raising and lowering the entire housing H and a second gear and rack arrangement for line adjustments and focusing of the lens 48. FIG. 4, which is a View taken on line 4-4 of FIG. 1 illustrates further the details of the gear and rack arrangements for both rapid and fine adjustments.

The sub-housing P which is connected to the gear box 29 as previously explained above contains the cylindrical lens carrier 60, the details of which can be more clearly seen in FIG. 5. The cylindrical lens carrier 60 includes a pair of vertical support members 61 and 62 which may be secured to the bottom 63 of the subhousing P by any suitable means or formed integrally with a frame which may easily be attached to the bottom of the sub-housing P by bolts, screws or the like. A pair of parallel members 64 and 65 are pivotally connected to the inner side 6111 of the support 61, and a pair of like parallel members 66 and 67 are pivotally connected to the inner side 62a. Each of the parallel members 64 and 65 are attached to the end of one of the sides 68 of the U-shaped support frame 69. The other pair of parallel members 66 and 67 are pivotally attached to same vertical plane.

the other side 70 of the U-shape frame 69. The sides 68 and 70 are parallel to each other and are connected together at their ends by the side member 71. Each of the sides 68 and 70 are flanged inwardly at 72 and 73, respectively to form a track or guide on which the cylindrical lens 75 may be mounted thereon. An end brace 74 may be suitably connected between the members 68 and 70. A rod or pin 77 is pivotally mounted in the end of the sub-housing P opposite the end in which the vertical support members 61 and 62 are mounted. The rod or pin 77 could also be mounted in journals formed integrally with the frame in which the members 61 and 62 may be formed. Parallel members 78 and 79 are fixed to the rod 77 so as to move therewith and to make contact with the underside of the flange 72 and the flange 73, respectively. A vertically extending member 80 is secured to the rod 77 between the parallel members 78 and 79. A threaded shaft 81 is secured at its end 81a to the member 80 by means of the nut 82 or other suit able means. The rear side 84 of the sub-housing P has a threaded opening (not shown) adapted to receive the threaded shaft 81 and in which the threaded shaft 81 is threadedly engaged. A suitable handle 85 is secured to the end 81b of the shaft 81. Since the member 80 is fixed to the shaft 81 and also fixed to the shaft 77, as the handle 85 is rotated, the members 78 and 79 are raised or lowered thereby raising or lowering the cylindrical lens carrying frame 69. One side 84' of the sub-housing P has a rectangular opening 84a for inserting and removing the cylindrical lens 75. A cover plate 84b (see FIG. 2) with a handle or knob 840 can be fitted or positioned over the opening 84a and held in position by thumb latches 84d or other suitable attaching or locking means. It is preferred that the plate 84b form a light proof seal with the opening 8411. It should be noted that the cylindrical lens carrying mechanism 60 permits the cylindrical lens 75 to be raised or lowered so that the cylindrical lens 75 always remains parallel to the base 10. In the form of the invention illustrated, this is accomplished by moving the cylindrical lens 75 in the The cylindrical lens 75 illustrated in FIG. 5 to be used with the cylindrical lens carrier 60 is a plano concave type with its flat side in position to be nearest the negative. The cylindrical lens 75 has parallel vertical sides 75a and 75b which support the cylindrical lens 75 in the cylindrical lens carrier 60. The cylindrical lens 75 may be made of glass, plastic or other suitable material as desired. A plano convex cylindrical lens may also be used and the use of each of such cylindrical lens will be explained more in detail hereinafter.

The'sub-housing N in which the rotatable negative holder 90 is contained therein is secured to the top of the sub housing P by means of bolts 91 or other suitable means. Suitable wings or extensions 92 and 93, which aid in keeping light from escaping from the interior of the housing H, are connected to each side of the sub-housing N or may be formed integrally therewith. The sub-section N has rectangular openings 94 and 95 on each side respectively, in which the rotatable negative holder 90 may be positioned therein. The rotatable negative holder 90 is best seen in FIG. 6 and includes the frame 97, the ends of which 97a and 97b are somewhat widened to further prevent the escape of light from the interior of the housing H when the holder 90 is positioned in the sub-housing N. The frame 97 has a rectangular opening 98 therein in which the negative holding frame- 99 is piv'otally mounted, whereby the negative holder may be rotated about an axis perpendicular to the optical axis of the focusing lens 48 in lens carrier C. Shaft 100 (not seen) and shaft 101 are inserted in the ends 97a and 97b respectively, with the shaft 100 connected to the side 99a and the shaft 101 connected to the side 99b with a third side 99c connecting the ends 99a and 99b together. A transparent plate 102 is secured to the frame 99 by any suitable means such as gluing, puttying or the like. A

second transparent plate 103 may be used to cover a negative positioned on the plate 102. The plates 102 and 103 are preferably made from clear plastic or glass. A knob or handle 104 is fixed to the shaft by threading or other suitable means so as to rotate with the shaft 100. The shaft or pin 100 is snugly fit in the frame end 97a so that as the handle 104 is moved the pin 100 and the frame 99 thereon will remain in the last position placed. The handle 104 may have a pointed end 104a to thereby indicate the angle of the plate 102 in relation to the frame 97. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the frame 99 is limited in movement from a position parallel With the frame 97 to a position perpendicular to the frame 97 or through an arc of 90 degrees. Such arrangement covers the desired range of arc and eliminates the necessity of locking in a negative on the plate 102 and a negative may be held on the plate 102 by merely positioning the plate 103 over the negative. This arrangement also permits the negative to be quickly and easily removed or changed in position. The negative holder 90 is of sufiicient length to extend through the sub-housing N and rest on the wings 92 and 93 secured to the sub-housing N.

For some types of photographic work, it may not be desired to rotates the negative. In which case a negative holder is used similar to the negative holder 90 except that the frame 99 is secured to the frame 97 and parallel thereto.

Positioned above the sub-housing N and affixed thereto by bolts 105 or other suitable means is the housing or sub-. housing D. The sub-housing D provides the space or area in which the diifusion plates 106 and 107 may be positioned. The use of diffusion plates is well known in the art and such plates 106 and 107 are preferably made of flashed opal glass or of ground glass. Two plates are recommended rather than one thereby giving greater diffusion. Each of the plates 106 and 107 is supported in the sub-housing D by means of triangular nubbins 108 and 109 strategically placed or mounted in the sub-housing. Such nubbins are positioned and secured inside the sub-housing D so that the plates 106 and 107 may rest thereon and also permit air, to circulate entirely around the plates 106 and 107 except for the very small area occupied by the nubbins 106' and 107'. As the dissipation of the heat is always a problem in photographic enlarging apparatuses it is important that the diffusion plates be placed as herein shown and described.

' The tiltable head L of the device T is attached to the sub-housing D by means of the hinge 108. The hinge 108 is secured to the head L and the sub-housing D by means of bolts 109 or other suitable means. In order to retain the head L in the position shown in FIG. 2, a suitable safety latch or catch 110 may be attached to the head L and the sub-section or housing D. The hinge 108 may also be of the type which limits the movement of the head L beyond a desired or pre-selected position. The head L is divided into two principal parts, the main body 111 and the top 112. The head L has a plurality of fins 114 on the body 111 and a plurality of fins 115 on the top 112. The fins 114 would normally be formed integrally with the body 111 and the fins 115 are normally formed integrally with the top 112. FIG. 7, in addition to FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrates the design of the fins 115 on the top 112. The top 112 is secured or fastened to the body 111 by means of suitable bolts 113 or other suitable means. A plurality of air holes 116 are formed in the center of the top 112 of the head L which permit heat from within the head L to be dissipated. The head L contains the light source which will be explained more in detail hereinafter. The head L also has a handle 118 attached to the portion 111 by bolts or other suitable means to assist in raising and lowering the head L. The fin arrangement on the head L formed by the fins 115 and 114 provides a dissipation of the heat from within the head L at a rate approximately six times greater than in an ordinary lamp housing.

In order to make the head L fit snugly against the subsection or housing D, a suitable gasket, such as asbestos or other suitable material may be placed around the edge 111" of the head L and glued or otherwise secured thereto and a batten 128 may be secured over the asbestos gasket 111" by screws or other suitable means and thereby form a light proof seal between the head L and the subsection D.

7 Referring now to FIG. 3, the position of the light bulbs or lamps 121 can morereadily be seen and it can be noted that they are arranged in a design similar to that of a five-spot on a domino. In the preferred form of the invention, all of the bulbs are of the same wattage, and it has been found that 250 watt bulbs are adequate for most purposes. The four outer bulbs 121 are arranged on one electrical circuit and the central bulb 121 is arranged on a separate electrical circuit which will be described more in detail hereinafter. Each of the illuminating bodies or light bulbs 121 is mounted in a socket 129 (see the partial sectional view of the head L in FIG. 2) which is secured to a plate 122 by any suitable means. The plate 122 is mounted in the top portion 112 of the head L and is held therein by means of brackets 13% in such manner that the plate 122 does not make contact with the internal surfaces 112' and 111' of the head L.

The arrangement of the plate 122 in the portion 112, as can be more easily seen in the cutaway portion shown in FIG. 2, provides an air space above the plate 122.

Air also can circulate around the plate 122 thereby improving the dissipation of heat generated by the bulbs 121. Heat generated by the bulbs or illuminating bodies 121 can therefore move around the plate 122, into the area or space above the plate 122, and then out of the head L through the breathing holes 116 in the top of the portion 112.

It can therefore be appreciated that the device T of the present invention, with the breathing holes 116, the position of the plate 122, the fin arrangement on the head L, and the position of the diffusion plates 106 and 107 provides a new and improved means of improving the dissipation of heat from photographic enlarging machines.

Various types of other illuminating bodies such as fluorescent tubes may be substituted for the light bulbs 121 illustrated in the drawings without departing from the scope of the invention.

A standard light cord 123 is connected to the circuit containing the bulbs 121 in a manner well known in the art. The light cord 123 extends through a small opening 112a in the top 112 of the head L and is inserted through a bracket 124 connected to the ball 22b of the bracket 22 by a bolt 125 or other suitable means. An opening 220 is provided in the top of the ball 22b and adapted to receive the cord 123 thereby permitting the cord 123 to be extended through the tubular guide 26. An opening 23c similar to that of 220 is provided in the bottom of the ball 23b and is also adapted to receive the cord 123 therethrough. The light cord 123 can then be attached to rheostats, switches, and 110 volt A.C. outlet as desired.

FIG. 9 of the drawings illustrates schematically the electrical circuit indicated generally at 140, employed in connecting together the illuminating bodies or lamp bulbs 121. As can easily be seen, the four outer bulbs 121 are in a circuit 141 and the inner bulb 121 is in the circuit 142. Each of the circuits 141' and 142 is controlled by a rheostat or variable resistance means 143 and 144, respectively. A suitable switch 145 is connected in the circuit 140 which circuit 140 ends in an outlet or plug 147 for 110 volts A.C. connection. The lighting arrangement described above and illustrated in the drawings solves a problem that has long existed in the industry, and that is, how to eliminate hot spots in the center of the negative. Even using the best diffusion plates available the light from a central light source still does not distribute the light equally over the negative area. The device of the present invention permits the independent regulation of the amount of light directed on the center of the negative and also on the amount of light directed to the outer portion of the negative. By lowering the intensity of the central bulb 121 by means of the rheostat 144 on the circuit 142 the so-called hot spot may be eliminated. The lighting arrangement of the present invention also solves another problem in the photographic enlarging or developing business, and that is the one of the lightness and darkness of the negatives. By adjusting the rheostats 143 and 144 the intensity of the light from the bulbs 121 may be varied over the various areasof the negative to compensate for dark or light spots that may exist in the negative itself. Negatives which otherwise might be too poor to reproduce properly may now be reproduced without any difficulty. Additional circuits, bulbs or illuminating bodies, and additional rheostats could of course be employed as desired and without departing from the scope of the present invention.

A new and improved form of a tilt board generally designated at X is illustrated in FIG. 1. The tilt board X is unique in that it utilizes a standard miter gauge to indicate the amount of tilt or the angle formed by the tilt board paper support plate 136 with the base 10. The miter gauge control knob 137 may also be locked in position thereby holding the plate 136 in the desired rela: tionship to a negative in the negative holder plate 97 or any other negative plate which might be used. The tilt board plate 136 also has a lip or flange 138 formed on one end to aid in retaining the photographic paper on the tilt board X. As tilt boards are well known in the art no further description is believed necessary. 7

The tilt board X may be used in any manner well known in the art and may also be used in conjunction with the rotatable negative holder 90. FIG. 1A illustrates schematically such a use whereby the arrows and 151 indicate light striking a negative in a rotatable negative holder 90. Such light is then transmitted through the lens 48 wherein an image from the negative in the holder 90 is reflected on the tilt board plate 136.

One of the difficulties in using tilt boards prior to the present invention was that the image projected on the tilt board was not in true focus. With the negative in a horizontal position in relation to the base and the tilt board plate at an angle to the base then the image from the negative could not be focused in its entirety on the tilt board plate. The device T of the present invention overcomes this problem by providing the rotatable negative holder 90 as described above and in the drawings. By rotating the negative holder 90 about an axis perpendicular to the optical axis of the focusing lens 48 until the distance YZ is equal to the distance QR a true focus is obtained over the entire image on the tilt board. plate 136. Focusing of course is done by eye, but the above illustrates how and why such focusing occurs.

As mentioned earlier, either a plano concave or a plano convex cylindrical lens may be used with the apparatus T of this invention. Although the cylindrical lens may be used with either face nearest the negative it is preferred that the flat side of the cylindrical lens be nearest the negative as this enables the overall height of the apparatus to be somewhat shorter than if the opposite side of the cylindrical lens were nearest the negative. It is well known that regardless of the side of the plano convex cylindrical lens or the plano concave cylindrical lens facing or nearest the negative, the image projected through such plano convex or plano concave cylindrical lens will be affected in the same manner (i.e., extended or condensed). The distance between the negative and the cylindrical lens would vary, however and if the flat side of the cylindrical lens is nearest to the negative, then the distance between the negative and the cylindrical lens may be substantially less than if the curved side of the cylindrical lens were nearest the negative. This arrangement'permits the sub-housing P to be considerably shorter or shallower than would be required if the curved side of the cylindrical lens were nearest the negative and thus enables the overall height of the device T to also be lessened. Also a single cylindrical lens, either plano concave or plano convex may be utilized as each gives the elfect of the other by turning the cylindrical lens 90 degrees within the same plane. The same result may be achieved by turning the negative 90 degrees within the same plane rather than turning the cylindrical lens. For example, in using a plano concave cylindrical lens as illustrated in FIG. with the axis of the cylindrical lens at right angles to the line of type, the image projected on the base board or tilt board X as the case may be is condensed (see FIG. 8A) and by using the same plano concave cylindrical lens and rotating the negative 90 degrees within the same plane the image will be extended (FIG. 8B). Also of course the cylindrical lens may be turned 90 degrees within the same plane rather than the negative if desired.

It is generally preferred that two plano concave lenses be used interchangeably, one plano concave cylindrical lens, as illustrated in FIG. 5, for positioning in the cylindrical lens carrier 60 with its axis parallel to the sides 68 and 70 of the cylindrical lens carrier 60 and the second plano concave cylindrical lens for positioning in the cylindrical lens carrier 60 with its axis perpendicular or at right angles to the sides 68 and 78 of the cylindrical lens carrier 60. When the axis of a plano concave cylindrical lens is parallel to the line of type the image of the type is lowered and when the axis of a plano concave cylindrical lens is perpendicular or at right angles to the line of type the image of the type is raised.

FIG. 8 and FIGS. 8A-8E in the drawings illustrate a sample of some of the effects that may be obtained by using the device T. In FIG. 8 an original negative size is illustrated at 160 with an image 161 thereon. FIG. 8A illustrates a type of image 161a which may be reproduced by using a plano concave cylindrical lens in the sub-housing P resting on the cylindrical lens carrier 60 and with the axis of the cylindrical lens at right angles to the line of type of the negative 160 and with the negative 160 positioned in the negative holder 90 in the sub-housing N horizontally with the base 10. The cylindrical lens carrier 60 always retains the cylindrical lens 75 in a plane horizontal or parallel to the base 10. It should be noted that the width of the letters of the image 161a is the same as the width of the letters of the image 161 and only the height of the letters has been changed. It can easily be seen then that the use of such a plano concave cylindrical lens permits the height of the letters to be varied (may be decreased as well as increased) without changing the width of the letters. Thus the width of the negative does not change, but only the height changes as the cylindrical lens 75 is moved in relation to the negative by turning the handle 85. The closer the cylindrical lens 75 is to the negative 160 in the negative holder 90 the smaller the image alteration 161 will be and vice versa. As mentioned previously the same result may be achieved by using a plano concave cylindrical lens and by turning the negative 160 ninety degrees or at right angles in the same plane to the negative 160 illustrated in FIG. 8.

FIG. 8B illustrates the use of a plano concave cylindrical lens 75 wherein the axis of the cylindrical lens is parallel to the line of type. In this situation the height of the image 1611) is not changed but the width of the image 161b is increased. The use of a plano concave cylindrical lens in this position therefore varies the width of the negative while keeping the height of the negative constant. The same effect may also be achieved by turning the negative ninety degrees in the same plane and using a plano convex cylindrical lens.

Although one cylindrical lens may be used as explained above it is preferred to use two cylindrical lenses each with an axis ninety degrees from the other as such cylindrical lenses may be quickly interchanged without disturbing any other settings or arrangements of the device T.

FIG; 8E illustrates a further result from using one of the above cylindrical lenses and shows the image 1610 in italics. By turning the negative 160 forty-five degrees rather than ninety degrees the image 1631c is slanted. A forward slant or italics results from turning the FIG. 8 image 161 forty-five degrees to the right and a backslant results from turning the negative 160 forty-five degrees to the left.

From the above illustrations it can easily be seen that numerous variations maybe achieved by using either or both of the cylindrical lenses and by turning the negative varying amounts.

FIGS. 8C and 8D illustrate perspectives of the negative 160 and are accomplished without using the cylindrical lenses explained above, but by using the rotatable negative holder in conjunction with the tilt board X. The perspectivized image 161d is achieved by positioning the negative 160 in the negative holder 90 in the same position illustrated in FIG. 8. With the negative 160 in such position the tilt board plate 136 is positioned approximately as illustrated in FIG. 1 and raised or lowered until the desired effect is achieved. The rotatable negative holder 90 is then rotated to a position approximating that of the holder 90 shown in FIG. 1A until the image 161d is in true focus along the entire image 161d on the tilt board plate 136. The perspectivized image 161e illustrated in FIG. 8D is produced in a similar manner except that the negative 160 is turned ninety degrees in the same plane from the position of the negative 160 shown in FIG. 8. i

In using the device T of the present invention, the device T is mounted on a base 16 which may also serve as a work area. A negative lot] is placed on the plate 102 of the negative holder Q0 and the plate 103 is placed on top of the negative 160, thereby holding the negative firmly in position. The negative holder 90 is then inserted in the rectangular opening to the position shown in FIG. 2 with the negative 160 remaining parallel to the base 10. With the head L in the closed position illustrated in FIG. 1, the lamp source is illuminated by connecting the cord 123 to an ordinary 110 volt A.C. outlet. A switch may be provided in the cord 123 for convenience. By turning the large handle 41 or 42 the housing H is moved to a position wherein the image reflected on the base 10 is approximately in focus. Fine focus is obtained by turning the smaller handle 57 or 58 until the image reflected on the base 10 is in true focus. Photographic paper is then placed on the base 10 and pictures produced in a manner well known in the art.

To produce a picture similar to FIG. 8B, the cylindrical lens 75 is placed on the cylindrical lens carrier 60 in the sub-housing P with the flat side of the cylindrical lens up as shown in FIG. 5. The cover plate 84b is then locked in position by means of the thumb latches 84d. The handle 85 is then rotated until the cylindrical lens 75 is lowered sufficiently to produce the image 161a on the base board 10. The light source 120 may be cut 011 when not in actual picture making use.

7 Before actually printing a picture the light from the lamp source 120 which passes from the lamps or bulbs 121 through the diffusion plates 106 and 107 through the negative between the plates 102 and 103 of the negative holder 90, through the prism 75 in the cylindrical lens carrier 60, through the lens 48, and on to the base board 10, may be adjusted by turning the rheostats 143 and 144 until the light strikes the base board 10 with substantially the same intensity over the entire area of the image 161a on the base board 10.

. It can readily be appreciated that the device of the present invention accomplishes many heretofore unachievable results. For example, in the field of portrait photography, by using the present invention, and without any touching up of the negative a persons age may be made to appear to be as much as ten years younger by condensing the image similar to the illustration in FIG. 8A, and of course on the other hand if it were desired to increase the age or appearance of a person theimage would be extended as in FIG. 8B. The device of the present invention has almost unlimited uses in the graphic arts field.

The foregoing disclosure and description of the invention is illustrative and explanatory thereof and various changes in the size, shape, and materials, as well as in the details of the illustrated construction, may be made within the scope of the appended claims without departing from the spirit of the invention.

What is claimed is: i

1. In a photographic apparatus, a base, vertical support means mounted thereon, a housing mounted on said vertical support means, said housing including a head containing a light source therein, a removable negative holdor positioned below said head, a lens carrier including a focusing lens positioned below said negative holder, a subhous'ing positioned between said negative holder and said focusing lens, said sub-housing including a cylindrical lens for reproportioning an image and means for raising and lowering said cylindrical lens independently from said negative holder and said focusing lens without interfering with the passage of light through said cylindrical lens, means for rotating said negative holder about an axis perpendicular to the optical axis of said focusing lens, said last named means being adapted to permit light to be transmitted unobstructedly through a negative held by said negative holder, a focusing surface below said lens, means for rotating said'focusing surface about an axis perpendicular to the optical axis of said focusing lens, said light source comprising a plurality of illuminating bodies, variable resistance means for varying the intensity of said illuminating bodies whereby the intensity of the light from said illuminating bodies over a given area may be varied as desired, said vertical support means including a pair of spaced apart parallel members, a housing slidably positioned on said parallel members so as to move vertically up and down thereon, means for raising and lowering said housing on said parallel members, and means for raising and lowering said focusing lens independently of said last named means.

2. In a photographic apparatus, a base, vertical support means mounted thereon, a housing mounted on said vertical support means, said housing including a head containing a light source therein, a removable negative holder positioned below said head, a lens carrier including a focusing lens positioned below said negative holder, a sub-housing positioned between said negative holder and said focusing lens, said sub-housing including a cylindrical lens for reproportioning an image and means for raising and lowering said cylindrical lens independently from said negative holder and said focusing lens without interfering with the passage of light through said cylindrical lens, means for rotating said negative holder about an axis perpendicular to the optical axis of said focusing lens, said last named means being adapted to permit light to be transmitted unobstructedly through a negative held by said negative holder, a focusing surface below said lens, means for rotating said focusing surface about an axis perpendicular to the optical axis of said focusing lens, said light source comprising a plurality of illuminating bodies, and variable resistance means for varying the intensity of said illuminating bodies whereby the intensity of the light from said illuminating bodies over a given area may be varied as desired.

3. In a photographic apparatus, a base, vertical support means mounted thereon, a housing mounted on said vertical support means, said housing including a head containing a light source therein, a negative holder positioned below said head, a lens carrier including a focusing lens positioned below said negative holder, a sub-housing positioned between said negative holder and said focusing lens, said sub-housing including a cylindrical lens for reproportioning an image and means for raising and lowering said cylindrical lens independently from said negative holder and said focusing lens without interfering with the passage of light through said cylindrical lens, means for rotating said negative holder about an axis perpendicular to the optical axis of said focusing lens, said last named means being adapted to permit light to be transmitted unobstructed through a negative held by said negative holder, a focusing surface below said lens, means for rotating said focusing surface about an axis perpendicular to the optical axis of said focusing lens, said vertical support means including a pair of spaced apart parallel members, a housing slidably positioned on said parallel members so as to move vertically up and down thereon, means for raising and lowering said housing on said parallel members, and means for raising and lowering said focusing lens independently of said last named means.

4. In a photographic apparatus, a base, vertical support means mounted thereon, a housing mounted on said vertical support means, said housing including a head containing a light source therein, a negative holder positioned below said head, a lens carrier including a focusing lens positioned below said negative holder, a sub-housing positioned between said negative holder and said focusing lens, said sub-housing including a cylindrical lens for reproportioning an image and means for raising and lowering said cylindrical lens independently from said negative holder and said focusing lens without interfering with the passage of light through said cylindrical lens, means for rotating said negative holder about an axis perpendicular to the optical axis of said focusinglens, a focusing surface below said lens, means for rotating said focusing surface about an axis perpendicular to the optical axis of said focusing lens, said light source comprising a plurality of illuminating bodies, variable resistance means for varying the intensity of said illuminating bodies whereby the intensity of the light from said illuminating bodies over a given area may be varied as desired, said vertical support means including a pair of spaced apart parallel members, a housing slidably positioned on said parallel members so as to move vertically up and down thereon, means for raising and lowering said housing on said parallel members, and means for raising and lowering said focusing lens independently of said last named means.

5. In a photographic apparatus, a base, vertical support means mounted thereon, a housing mounted on said vertical support means, said housing including a head containing a light source therein, a negative holder positioned below said head, a lens carrier including a focusing lens positioned below said negative holder, a sub-housing positioned between said negative holder and said focusing lens, said subhousing including a cylindrical lens for reproportioning an image and means for raising and lowering said cylindrical lens independently from said negative holder and said focusing lens Without interfering with the passage of light through said cylindrical lens, means for rotating said negative holder about an axis perpendicular to the optical axis of said focusing lens, and said last named means being adapted to permit light to be transmitted unobstructedly through a negative held by said negative holder, a focusing surface below said lens, means for rotating said focusing surface about an axis perpendicular to the optical axis of said focusing lens.

6. In a photographic apparatus, a base,'vertical support means mounted thereon, a housing mounted on said vertical support means, said housing including a head containing a light source therein, a negative holder positioned below said head, a lens carrier including a focusing lens positioned below said negative holder, a sub-housing positioned between said negative holder and said focusing lens, said sub-housing including a cylindrical lens for reproportioning an image and means for raising and lowering said cylindrical lens independently from said negative holder and said focusing lens without interfering with the passage of light through said cylindrical lens, said light source comprising a plurality of illuminating bodies, variable resistance means for varying the intensity of said illuminating bodies whereby the intensity of the light from said illuminating bodies over a given area may be varied as desired, a focusing surface below said lens, and means for rotating said focusing surfaceabout an axis perpendicular to the optical axis of said focusing lens.

7. In a photographic apparatus, a base, vertical support means mounted thereon, a housing mounted on said vertical support means, said housing including a head containing a light source therein, a negative holder positioned below said head, a lens carrier including a focusing lens positioned below said negative holder, a sub-housing positioned between said negative holder and said focusing lens, said sub-housing includinga cylindrical lens for reproportioning an image and means for raising and lowering said cylindrical lens independently from said negative holder and said focusing lens without interfering with the passage of light through said cylindrical lens, said vertical support means including a pair of spaced apart parallel members, a housing slidably positioned on said parallel members so as to move vertically up and down thereon, means for raising and lowering said housing on said parallel members, means for raising and lowering said camera independently of said last named means, a focusing surface below said lens, and means for rotating said focusing surface about an axis perpendicular to the optical axis of said focusing lens.

8. A photographic apparatus comprising, a housing, said housing including a light source therein, a removable holder for supporting a negative having an image thereon and through which light from said light source is passed, a lens carrier including a focusing lens therein for focusing light passed through said negative holder, a sub housing positioned between said negative holder and said focusing lens, said sub housing including a cylindrical lens for reproportioning the image on said negative and means for raising and lowering said cylindrical lens independently from said negative holder and said focusing lens without interfering with the passage of light through said cylindrical lens, a tiltable surface on which to focus light passed through said focusing lens, and means for rotating said negative holder about an axis perpendicular to the optical axis of said focusing lens for focusing light passed through said negative and said focusing lens on said tiltable focusing surface.

9. A photographic apparatus comprising, a housing, said housing including a light source therein, a removable holder for supporting a negative having an image thereon and through which light from said light source is passed, a lens carrier including a focusing lens therein for focusing light passed through said negative holder, a sub housing positioned between said negative holder and said focusing lens, said sub housing including a cylindrical lens for reproportioning the image on said negative and means for maintaining said cylindrical lens perpendicular to the optical axis of said focusing lens, and means for moving said cylindrical lens along said optical axis independently from said negative holder and said focusing lens without interfering with the passage of light through said cylindrical lens, a tiltable surface on which to focus light passed through said focusing lens, and means for rotating said negative holder about an axis perpendicular to the optical axis of said focusing lens for focusing light passed through said negative and said focusing lens on said tiltable focusing surface,

10. A photographic apparatus comprising, a housing, said housing including a light source therein, a removable holder for supporting a negative having an image thereon and through which light from said light source is passed, a lens carrier including a focusing lens therein for focusing light passed through said negative holder, a sub housing positioned between said negative holder and said focusing lens, said sub housing including a cylindrical lens for reproportioning the image on said negative and means for raising and lowering said cylindrical lens independently from said negative holder and said focusing lens without interfering with the passage of light through said cylindrical lens, a tiltable surface on which to focus light passed through said focusing lens, means for rotating said negative holder about an axis perpendicular to the optical axis of said focusing lens for focusing light passed through said negative and said focusing lens on said tiltable focusing surface, and said light source including a plurality of illuminating bodies, variable resistance means for varying the intensity of said illuminating bodies .over a given area may be varied as desired.

11. In a photographic apparatus, a vertical support means, a housing mounted thereon, said housing including a light source therein, a removable holder for supporting a negative having an image thereon and through which light from said light source is passed, a lens carrier including a focusing lens therein for focusing light passed through said negative holder, a sub housing positioned between said negative holder and said focusing lens, said sub housing including a cylindrical lens for reproportioning the image on said negative and means for raising and lowering said cylindrical lens independently from said negative holder and said focusing lens without interfering with the passage of light through said cylindrical lens, a tiltable surface on which to focus light passed through said focusing lens, means for rotating said negative holder about an axis perpendicular to the optical axis of said focusing lens for focusing light passed through said negative and said focusing lens on said tiltable focusing surface, said light source including a plurality of illuminating bodies, variable resistance means for varying the intensity of said illuminating bodies over a given area may be varied as desired, said vertical support means including a pair of spaced apart parallel members, a housing slidably positioned on said parallel members so as to move vertically up and down thereon, means for raising and lowering said housing on said parallel members, and means for raising and lowering said focusing lens independently of said last named means.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,043,916 Altman June 9, 1936 2,117,754 Bell May 17, 1938 2,155,094 Kiessling Apr. 18, 1939 2,239,760 Simmon Apr. 29, 1941 2,262,972 Simmon Nov. 18, 1941 2,369,897 Hjort Feb. 10, 1945 2,427,554 Drucker Sept. 16, 1947 2,469,685 Eagle May 10, 1949 2,530,843 Smith Nov. 21, 1950 2,552,225 Simmons et al May 8, 1951 2,607,268 Bartz Aug. 19, 1952 2,655,334 Debrie Oct. 13, 1953 2,797,613 Higonnet et al July 2, 1957 2,890,622 Wallin June 16, 1959 2,939,370 Bouflilh et al. June 7, 1960 2,985,062 Clapp May 23, 1961 3,044,351 Patterson July 17, 1962 FOREIGN PATENTS 796,944 Great Britain June 25, 1958 

1. IN A PHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS, A BASE, VERTICAL SUPPORT MEANS MOUNTED THEREON, A HOUSING MOUNTED ON SAID VERTICAL SUPPORT MEANS, SAID HOUSING INCLUDING A HEAD CONTAINING A LIGHT SOURCE THEREIN, A REMOVABLE NEGATIVE HOLDER POSITIONED BELOW SAID HEAD, A LENS CARRIER INCLUDING A FOCUSING LENS POSITIONED BELOW SAID NEGATIVE HOLDER, A SUBHOUSING POSITIONED BETWEEN SAID NEGATIVE HOLDER AND SAID FOCUSING LENS, SAID SUB-HOUSING INCLUDING A CYLINDRICAL LENS FOR REPROPORTIONING AN IMAGE AND MEANS FOR RAISING AND LOWERING SAID CYLINDRICAL LENS INDEPENDENTLY FROM SAID NEGATIVE HOLDER AND SAID FOCUSING LENS WITHOUT INTERFERING WITH THE PASSAGE OF LIGHT THROUGH SAID CYLINDRICAL LENS, MEANS FOR ROTATING SAID NEGATIVE HOLDER ABOUT AN AXIS PERPENDICULAR TO THE OPTICAL AXIS OF SAID FOCUSING LENS, SAID LAST NAMED MEANS BEING ADAPTED TO PERMIT LIGHT TO BE TRANSMITTED UNOBSTRUCTEDLY THROUGH A NEGATIVE HELD BY SAID NEGATIVE HOLDER, A FOCUSING SURFACE BELOW SAID LENS, MEANS FOR ROTATING SAID FOCUSING SURFACE ABOUT AN AXIS PERPENDICULAR TO THE OPTICAL AXIS OF SAID FOCUSING LENS, SAID LIGHT SOURCE COMPRISING A PLURALITY OF ILLUMINATING BODIES, VARIABLE RESISTANCE MEANS FOR VARYING THE INTENSITY OF SAID ILLUMINATING BODIES WHEREBY THE INTENSITY OF THE LIGHT FROM SAID ILLUMINATING BODIES OVER A GIVEN AREA MAY BE VARIED AS DESIRED, SAID VERTICAL SUPPORT MEANS INCLUDING A PAIR OF SPACED APART PARALLEL MEMBERS, A HOUSING SLIDABLY POSITIONED ON SAID PARALLEL MEMBERS SO AS TO MOVE VERTICALLY UP AND DOWN THEREON, MEANS FOR RAISING AND LOWERING SAID HOUSING ON SAID PARALLEL MEMBERS, AND MEANS FOR RAISING AND LOWERING SAID FOCUSING LENS INDEPENDENTLY OF SAID LAST NAMED MEANS. 